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Inaugural Address of John Quincy Adams

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IncompliancewithanusagecoevalwiththeexistenceofourFederalConstitution,andsanctionedbytheexampleofmypredecessorsinthecareeruponwhichIamabouttoenter,Iappear,myfellow-citizens,inyourpresenceandinthatofHeaventobindmyselfbythesolemnitiesofreligiousobligationtothefaithfulperformanceofthedutiesallottedtomeinthestationtowhichIhavebeencalled.

InunfoldingtomycountrymentheprinciplesbywhichIshallbegovernedinthefulfillmentofthosedutiesmyfirstresortwillbetothatConstitutionwhichIshallsweartothebestofmyabilitytopreserve,protect,anddefend.ThatreveredinstrumentenumeratesthepowersandprescribesthedutiesoftheExecutiveMagistrate,andinitsfirstwordsdeclaresthepurposestowhichtheseandthewholeactionoftheGovernmentinstitutedbyitshouldbeinvariablyandsacredlydevoted——toformamoreperfectunion,establishjustice,insuredomestictranquillity,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralwelfare,andsecuretheblessingsoflibertytothepeopleofthisUnionintheirsuccessivegenerations.Sincetheadoptionofthissocialcompactoneofthesegenerationshaspassedaway.Itistheworkofourforefathers.Administeredbysomeofthemosteminentmenwhocontributedtoitsformation,throughamosteventfulperiodintheannalsoftheworld,andthroughallthevicissitudesofpeaceandwarincidentaltotheconditionofassociatedman,ithasnotdisappointedthehopesandaspirationsofthoseillustriousbenefactorsoftheirageandnation.Ithaspromotedthelastingwelfareofthatcountrysodeartousall;ithastoanextentfarbeyondtheordinarylotofhumanitysecuredthefreedomandhappinessofthispeople.Wenowreceiveitasapreciousinheritancefromthosetowhomweareindebtedforitsestablishment,doublyboundbytheexampleswhichtheyhaveleftusandbytheblessingswhichwehaveenjoyedasthefruitsoftheirlaborstotransmitthesameunimpairedtothesucceedinggeneration.

Inthecompassofthirty-sixyearssincethisgreatnationalcovenantwasinstitutedabodyoflawsenactedunderitsauthorityandinconformitywithitsprovisionshasunfoldeditspowersandcarriedintopracticaloperationitseffectiveenergies.Subordinatedepartmentshavedistributedtheexecutivefunctionsintheirvariousrelationstoforeignaffairs,totherevenueandexpenditures,andtothemilitaryforceoftheUnionbylandandsea.AcoordinatedepartmentofthejudiciaryhasexpoundedtheConstitutionandthelaws,settlinginharmoniouscoincidencewiththelegislativewillnumerousweightyquestionsofconstructionwhichtheimperfectionofhumanlanguagehadrenderedunavoidable.TheyearofjubileesincethefirstformationofourUnionhasjustelapsedthatofthedeclarationofourindependenceisathand.TheconsummationofbothwaseffectedbythisConstitution.

Sincethatperiodapopulationoffourmillionshasmultipliedtotwelve.AterritoryboundedbytheMississippihasbeenextendedfromseatosea.NewStateshavebeenadmittedtotheUnioninnumbersnearlyequaltothoseofthefirstConfederation.Treatiesofpeace,amity,andcommercehavebeenconcludedwiththeprincipaldominionsoftheearth.Thepeopleofothernations,inhabitantsofregionsacquirednotbyconquest,butbycompact,havebeenunitedwithusintheparticipationofourrightsandduties,ofourburdensandblessings.Theforesthasfallenbytheaxofourwoodsmen;thesoilhasbeenmadetoteembythetillageofourfarmers;ourcommercehaswhitenedeveryocean.Thedominionofmanoverphysicalnaturehasbeenextendedbytheinventionofourartists.Libertyandlawhavemarchedhandinhand.Allthepurposesofhumanassociationhavebeenaccomplishedaseffectivelyasunderanyothergovernmentontheglobe,andatacostlittleexceedinginawholegenerationtheexpenditureofothernationsinasingleyear.

SuchistheunexaggeratedpictureofourconditionunderaConstitutionfoundedupontherepublicanprincipleofequalrights.Toadmitthatthispicturehasitsshadesisbuttosaythatitisstilltheconditionofmenuponearth.Fromevil——physical,moral,andpolitical——itisnotourclaimtobeexempt.WehavesufferedsometimesbythevisitationofHeaventhroughdisease;oftenbythewrongsandinjusticeofothernations,eventotheextremitiesofwar;and,lastly,bydissensionsamongourselves——dissensionsperhapsinseparablefromtheenjoymentoffreedom,butwhichhavemorethanonceappearedtothreatenthedissolutionoftheUnion,andwithittheoverthrowofalltheenjoymentsofourpresentlotandallourearthlyhopesofthefuture.Thecausesofthesedissensionshavebeenvarious,foundedupondifferencesofspeculationinthetheoryofrepublicangovernment;uponconflictingviewsofpolicyinourrelationswithforeignnations;uponjealousiesofpartialandsectionalinterests,aggravatedbyprejudicesandprepossessionswhichstrangerstoeachotherareeverapttoentertain.

Itisasourceofgratificationandofencouragementtometoobservethatthegreatresultofthisexperimentuponthetheoryofhumanrightshasatthecloseofthatgenerationbywhichitwasformedbeencrownedwithsuccessequaltothemostsanguineexpectationsofitsfounders.Union,justice,tranquillity,thecommondefense,thegeneralwelfare,andtheblessingsofliberty——allhavebeenpromotedbytheGovernmentunderwhichwehavelived.Standingatthispointoftime,lookingbacktothatgenerationwhichhasgonebyandforwardtothatwhichisadvancing,wemayatonceindulgeingratefulexultationandincheeringhope.Fromtheexperienceofthepastwederiveinstructivelessonsforthefuture.Ofthetwogreatpoliticalpartieswhichhavedividedtheopinionsandfeelingsofourcountry,thecandidandthejustwillnowadmitthatbothhavecontributedsplendidtalents,spotlessintegrity,ardentpatriotism,anddisinterestedsacrificestotheformationandadministrationofthisGovernment,andthatbothhaverequiredaliberalindulgenceforaportionofhumaninfirmityanderror.TherevolutionarywarsofEurope,commencingpreciselyatthemomentwhentheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesfirstwentintooperationunderthisConstitution,excitedacollisionofsentimentsandofsympathieswhichkindledallthepassionsandimbitteredtheconflictofpartiestillthenationwasinvolvedinwarandtheUnionwasshakentoitscenter.Thistimeoftrialembracedaperiodoffiveandtwentyyears,duringwhichthepolicyoftheUnioninitsrelationswithEuropeconstitutedtheprincipalbasisofourpoliticaldivisionsandthemostarduouspartoftheactionofourFederalGovernment.WiththecatastropheinwhichthewarsoftheFrenchRevolutionterminated,andourownsubsequentpeacewithGreatBritain,thisbanefulweedofpartystrifewasuprooted.Fromthattimenodifferenceofprinciple,connectedeitherwiththetheoryofgovernmentorwithourintercoursewithforeignnations,hasexistedorbeencalledforthinforcesufficienttosustainacontinuedcombinationofpartiesortogivemorethanwholesomeanimationtopublicsentimentorlegislativedebate.Ourpoliticalcreedis,withoutadissentingvoicethatcanbeheard,thatthewillofthepeopleisthesourceandthehappinessofthepeopletheendofalllegitimategovernmentuponearth;thatthebestsecurityforthebeneficenceandthebestguarantyagainsttheabuseofpowerconsistsinthefreedom,thepurity,andthefrequencyofpopularelections;thattheGeneralGovernmentoftheUnionandtheseparategovernmentsoftheStatesareallsovereigntiesoflimitedpowers,fellow-servantsofthesamemasters,uncontrolledwithintheirrespectivespheres,uncontrollablebyencroachmentsuponeachother;thatthefirmestsecurityofpeaceisthepreparationduringpeaceofthedefensesofwar;thatarigorouseconomyandaccountabilityofpublicexpendituresshouldguardagainsttheaggravationandalleviatewhenpossibletheburdenoftaxation;thatthemilitaryshouldbekeptinstrictsubordinationtothecivilpower;thatthefreedomofthepressandofreligiousopinionshouldbeinviolate;thatthepolicyofourcountryispeaceandthearkofoursalvationunionarearticlesoffaithuponwhichweareallnowagreed.Iftherehavebeenthosewhodoubtedwhetheraconfederatedrepresentativedemocracywereagovernmentcompetenttothewiseandorderlymanagementofthecommonconcernsofamightynation,thosedoubtshavebeendispelled;iftherehavebeenprojectsofpartialconfederaciestobeerectedupontheruinsoftheUnion,theyhavebeenscatteredtothewinds;iftherehavebeendangerousattachmentstooneforeignnationandantipathiesagainstanother,theyhavebeenextinguished.Tenyearsofpeace,athomeandabroad,haveassuagedtheanimositiesofpoliticalcontentionandblendedintoharmonythemostdiscordantelementsofpublicopinionTherestillremainsoneeffortofmagnanimity,onesacrificeofprejudiceandpassion,tobemadebytheindividualsthroughoutthenationwhohaveheretoforefollowedthestandardsofpoliticalparty.Itisthatofdiscardingeveryremnantofrancoragainsteachother,ofembracingascountrymenandfriends,andofyieldingtotalentsandvirtuealonethatconfidencewhichintimesofcontentionforprinciplewasbestowedonlyuponthosewhoborethebadgeofpartycommunion.

Thecollisionsofpartyspiritwhichoriginateinspeculativeopinionsorindifferentviewsofadministrativepolicyareintheirnaturetransitory.Thosewhicharefoundedongeographicaldivisions,adverseinterestsofsoil,climate,andmodesofdomesticlifearemorepermanent,andtherefore,perhaps,moredangerous.ItisthiswhichgivesinestimablevaluetothecharacterofourGovernment,atoncefederalandnational.ItholdsouttousaperpetualadmonitiontopreservealikeandwithequalanxietytherightsofeachindividualStateinitsowngovernmentandtherightsofthewholenationinthatoftheUnion.Whatsoeverisofdomesticconcernment,unconnectedwiththeothermembersoftheUnionorwithforeignlands,belongsexclusivelytotheadministrationoftheStategovernments.WhatsoeverdirectlyinvolvestherightsandinterestsofthefederativefraternityorofforeignpowersisoftheresortofthisGeneralGovernment.Thedutiesofbothareobviousinthegeneralprinciple,thoughsometimesperplexedwithdifficultiesinthedetail.TorespecttherightsoftheStategovernmentsistheinviolabledutyofthatoftheUnion;thegovernmentofeveryStatewillfeelitsownobligationtorespectandpreservetherightsofthewhole.Theprejudiceseverywheretoocommonlyentertainedagainstdistantstrangersarewornaway,andthejealousiesofjarringinterestsareallayedbythecompositionandfunctionsofthegreatnationalcouncilsannuallyassembledfromallquartersoftheUnionatthisplace.Herethedistinguishedmenfromeverysectionofourcountry,whilemeetingtodeliberateuponthegreatinterestsofthosebywhomtheyaredeputed,learntoestimatethetalentsanddojusticetothevirtuesofeachother.TheharmonyofthenationispromotedandthewholeUnionisknittogetherbythesentimentsofmutualrespect,thehabitsofsocialintercourse,andthetiesofpersonalfriendshipformedbetweentherepresentativesofitsseveralpartsintheperformanceoftheirserviceatthismetropolis.

PassingfromthisgeneralreviewofthepurposesandinjunctionsoftheFederalConstitutionandtheirresultsasindicatingthefirsttracesofthepathofdutyinthedischargeofmypublictrust,IturntotheAdministrationofmyimmediatepredecessorasthesecond.Ithaspassedawayinaperiodofprofoundpeace,howmuchtothesatisfactionofourcountryandtothehonorofourcountry''''snameisknowntoyouall.Thegreatfeaturesofitspolicy,ingeneralconcurrencewiththewilloftheLegislature,havebeentocherishpeacewhilepreparingfordefensivewar;toyieldexactjusticetoothernationsandmaintaintherightsofourown;tocherishtheprinciplesoffreedomandofequalrightswherevertheywereproclaimed;todischargewithallpossiblepromptitudethenationaldebt;toreducewithinthenarrowestlimitsofefficiencythemilitaryforce;toimprovetheorganizationanddisciplineoftheArmy;toprovideandsustainaschoolofmilitaryscience;toextendequalprotectiontoallthegreatinterestsofthenation;topromotethecivilizationoftheIndiantribes,andtoproceedinthegreatsystemofinternalimprovementswithinthelimitsoftheconstitutionalpoweroftheUnion.Underthepledgeofthesepromises,madebythateminentcitizenatthetimeofhisfirstinductiontothisoffice,inhiscareerofeightyearstheinternaltaxeshavebeenrepealed;sixtymillionsofthepublicdebthavebeendischarged;provisionhasbeenmadeforthecomfortandreliefoftheagedandindigentamongthesurvivingwarriorsoftheRevolution;theregulararmedforcehasbeenreducedanditsconstitutionrevisedandperfected;theaccountabilityfortheexpenditureofpublicmoneyshasbeenmademoreeffective;theFloridashavebeenpeaceablyacquired,andourboundaryhasbeenextendedtothePacificOcean;theindependenceofthesouthernnationsofthishemispherehasbeenrecognized,andrecommendedbyexampleandbycounseltothepotentatesofEurope;progresshasbeenmadeinthedefenseofthecountrybyfortificationsandtheincreaseoftheNavy,towardtheeffectualsuppressionoftheAfricantrafficinslaves;inalluringtheaboriginalhuntersofourlandtothecultivationofthesoilandofthemind,inexploringtheinteriorregionsoftheUnion,andinpreparingbyscientificresearchesandsurveysforthefurtherapplicationofournationalresourcestotheinternalimprovementofourcountry.

InthisbriefoutlineofthepromiseandperformanceofmyimmediatepredecessorthelineofdutyforhissuccessorisclearlydelineatedTopursuetotheirconsummationthosepurposesofimprovementinourcommonconditioninstitutedorrecommendedbyhimwillembracethewholesphereofmyobligations.Tothetopicofinternalimprovement,emphaticallyurgedbyhimathisinauguration,Irecurwithpeculiarsatisfaction.ItisthatfromwhichIamconvincedthattheunbornmillionsofourposteritywhoareinfutureagestopeoplethiscontinentwillderivetheirmostferventgratitudetothefoundersoftheUnion;thatinwhichthebeneficentactionofitsGovernmentwillbemostdeeplyfeltandacknowledged.Themagnificenceandsplendoroftheirpublicworksareamongtheimperishablegloriesoftheancientrepublics.TheroadsandaqueductsofRomehavebeentheadmirationofallafterages,andhavesurvivedthousandsofyearsafterallherconquestshavebeenswallowedupindespotismorbecomethespoilofbarbarians.SomediversityofopinionhasprevailedwithregardtothepowersofCongressforlegislationuponobjectsofthisnature.Themostrespectfuldeferenceisduetodoubtsoriginatinginpurepatriotismandsustainedbyveneratedauthority.Butnearlytwentyyearshavepassedsincetheconstructionofthefirstnationalroadwascommenced.Theauthorityforitsconstructionwasthenunquestioned.Tohowmanythousandsofourcountrymenhasitprovedabenefit?Towhatsingleindividualhasiteverprovedaninjury?Repeated,liberal,andcandiddiscussionsintheLegislaturehaveconciliatedthesentimentsandapproximatedtheopinionsofenlightenedmindsuponthequestionofconstitutionalpower.Icannotbuthopethatbythesameprocessoffriendly,patient,andperseveringdeliberationallconstitutionalobjectionswillultimatelyberemoved.TheextentandlimitationofthepowersoftheGeneralGovernmentinrelationtothistranscendentlyimportantinterestwillbesettledandacknowledgedtothecommonsatisfactionofall,andeveryspeculativescruplewillbesolvedbyapracticalpublicblessing.

Fellow-citizens,youareacquaintedwiththepeculiarcircumstancesoftherecentelection,whichhaveresultedinaffordingmetheopportunityofaddressingyouatthistime.Youhaveheardtheexpositionoftheprincipleswhichwilldirectmeinthefulfillmentofthehighandsolemntrustimposeduponmeinthisstation.Lesspossessedofyourconfidenceinadvancethananyofmypredecessors,IamdeeplyconsciousoftheprospectthatIshallstandmoreandoftenerinneedofyourindulgence.Intentionsuprightandpure,aheartdevotedtothewelfareofourcountry,andtheunceasingapplicationofallthefacultiesallottedtometoherserviceareallthepledgesthatIcangiveforthefaithfulperformanceofthearduousdutiesIamtoundertake.Totheguidanceofthelegislativecouncils,totheassistanceoftheexecutiveandsubordinatedepartments,tothefriendlycooperationoftherespectiveStategovernments,tothecandidandliberalsupportofthepeoplesofarasitmaybedeservedbyhonestindustryandzeal,Ishalllookforwhateversuccessmayattendmypublicservice;andknowingthat“excepttheLordkeepthecitythewatchmanwakethbutinvain,”

withferventsupplicationsforHisfavor,toHisoverrulingprovidenceIcommitwithhumblebutfearlessconfidencemyownfateandthefuturedestiniesofmycountry.rvedbyhonestindustryandzeal,Ishalllookforwhateversuccessmayattendmypublicservice;andknowingthat“excepttheLordkeepthecitythewatchmanwakethbutinvain,”withferventsupplicationsforHisfavor,toHisoverrulingprovidenceIcommitwithhumblebutfearlessconfidencemyownfateandthefuturedestiniesofmycountry.

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